Describe about TOEFL

       Test of Home abbreviated as a Foreign Language TOEFL is a test of English language proficiency (an American accent) who is required to register go to college (college) or university in the United States or other countries in the world. This exam is required for applicants whose native language or the speaker is not English. TOEFL exam is organized by the office of ETS (Educational Testing Service) in the United States to test all participants throughout the world.

        Type the TOEFL English test is generally required for college entrance requirements in almost all universities in the United States and Canada for both undergraduate program (S-1) or graduate (S-2 or S-3). TOEFL test results are also used as a material consideration of English language proficiency of prospective students who apply to universities in other countries, including universities in Europe and Australia. In general, the TOEFL test is more oriented to American Home, and a few different types of IELTS oriented to the British Home. Unlike the IELTS test, TOEFL test is in general not have the individual parts of the interview test.

Usually, this test takes about three hours and held in 4 sections, namely sections:

1. Listening comprehension,
2. Grammatical structure and written expression,
3. Reading comprehension, and parts
4. Writing.

      The value ranging from exam results TOEFL: 310 (minimum) to 677 (maximum value) for the version of the PBT (paper-based test). Since 1998, the TOEFL test is conducted online using a computer (Computer-based Testing / CBT), and since 2005 called the IBT (Internet-based Test). In places that have not been able to carry out CBT or IBT (since there are no computer facilities and internet networks), the TOEFL test is still conducted manually using paper and pencil (paper-based test or PBT). More information about CBT tests and paper-based TOEFL relating to registration, venue, cost, and test preparation materials can be viewed on the official website of the TOEFL, http://www.toefl.org (CBT version of the TOEFL exam results have value ranges from 0 to 300, while the value for the IBT is from 0 to 120).

       Lately organizers also held a kind of TOEFL test TWE (Test of Written Home), which results in value is separate from the TOEFL test scores. This test takes 30 minutes, and participants will be asked to write a short essay that describes the ability of participants to express and translate an idea or ideas, and supporting the idea with the examples found in daily life using the English language standard. Another type of test is TSEP TOEFL (Test of Spoken Home Program) which is similar to the individual interviews on the IELTS test. They are usually used if we want to register as a teaching assistant or laboratory assistant (as one way to offset the cost of tuition) in universias in the U.S. (or other countries.) Form tests conducted orally and lasts for approximately 20 minutes. Implementation time and the deadline for registration together with other TOEFL tests, and costs approximately U.S. $ 100.

       Structure of the TOEFL test includes a test of knowledge, skills and mastery of English with the questions that break it requires a deep understanding so that, for example, one grain of matter will cover a fairly broad sense.
My brother, Dick, ... has just Bought a Cadillac.

(A) works in Birmingham,
(B) WHO works in a private bank,
(C) is working in Melbourne,
(D) is now in London,

Item about the above, for example, will be answered quickly and accurately by someone who understands the predicate sentence, apositif, relative clause, and tenses. The allocation of time for commencing work on the TOEFL is very short - usually one test structure consists of fifty multiple choice questions that must be completed within fifty five minutes. Therefore, understanding person who will take the TOEFL on the English language as a whole and in detail is needed in taking the TOEFL for he was convinced that the answer to the points about going right in a relatively short time. Comparison between the number of grains of questions and the time available is also demanding a separate tips for achieving a high score.

        TOEFL will be the same for everyone, regardless of age category, academic level, or level of difficulty questions. Institution user will determine the results of TOEFL or require only a minimum score. To be able to solve problems in both the TOEFL, is necessary for each participant to equip themselves with good preparation. One way is with a lot to learn from books about the TOEFL. Complete Success Book TOEFL (Structure) Martinus Surawan this work including the one that presents many examples about the TOEFL and the steps of completion. Scope of the material in it is so thorough and complete, including necessary tips in a test. Therefore, it is the right step to make Indonesia Tera books published this as a weapon for successfully completing the TOEFL.

         More than 7,500 schools, universities and institutions in over 130 countries rely on TOEFL test scores to help make admissions decisions. he TOEFL test to help prove that you have the English skills you will actually be used in an academic classroom. In this test, you can read sections of textbooks and listen to lectures and then speak or write in response, just like you would in a classroom. Because this test consists of 100% of academic questions and tasks, many universities consider the most appropriate test to use when making admissions decisions. Sure, you can take the test with interview Talking, but what if your interviewer has a bad day and your level is lower than you deserve? With the TOEFL test, no doubt you score more objective and reliable, because the response Talking recorded and evaluated by assessors 3-6 ETS is not only an appraisal of local testing sites. TOEFL test scores to help you stand out because of the TOEFL test reputation for quality, fairness and academic composition of 100%. This is a test of English-language most widely accepted in the world, including more than 7,500 colleges, universities, agencies and other institutions in 130 countries. And the list that includes 100 best universities in the world.

TOEFL Internet-based Test (TOEFL iBT)

The TOEFL Internet-based Test (TOEFL iBT) evaluates all four language skills that are essential for effective communication: reading, listening, speaking (new!), and writing:

· Reading - measures the ability to understand academic reading matter. Consists of 3 to 5 academic reading passages followed by comprehension questions.

· Listening - measures the ability to understand English as it is used in colleges and universities. Consists of 4 to 6 lectures, which include classroom dialogue, and 2 to 3 conversations that include two or more speakers in each.

· Speaking - measures the ability to speak English. Consists of 6 open-ended speaking questions, which require test takers to speak into a microphone. Responses are recorded and scored by human graders.

· Writing - measures the ability to write in a way that is appropriate for college and university course work. The TOEFL iBT contains an added 20-minute essay along with the current 30-minute essay.

TOEFL iBT is scored differently form the computer-based test:

Section Time Limit No. of Questions Score Reading 60-100 min 36-70 - > 3-5 passages, 12-14 questions each 0-30 Listening 60-90 min 34-51 - > 4-6 lectures, 6 questions each, 2-3 conversations, 5 questions each 0-30 Break  10 minutes - Speaking 20 min 6 tasks - > 2 independent and 4 integrated 0-30 Writing 50 min 2 tasks – one integrated task – one independent essay 0-30 Total Score (The total score is the sum of the four skill scores.) 0-120

Notes about TOEFL iBT:

TOEFL iBT is approximately 4 hours long. Each section of the test has a time limit.

• The Reading section has new questions that ask test takers to categorize information and fill in a chart or complete a summary.
• There is no longer a Structure section. Grammar is tested on questions and tasks in each section.
• Lectures and conversations in the Listening section are longer, but note-taking is allowed. In fact, note-taking is allowed throughout the entire test to help test takers answer the questions.
• The TOEFL iBT integrated approach requires that the students be proficient in note taking.
• The speech in the listening material sounds more natural, and one lecture per test is spoken with a British or Australian accent. There are also new multiple-choice questions that measure understanding of a speaker's attitude, degree of certainty, and purpose.
• The Speaking section is new, and includes both integrated and independent tasks.
• Integrated task are questions that require use of more than one skill at a time:
• – read, listen, then speak in response to a question
• – listen, then speak in response to a question
• – read, listen, then write in response to a question
• The new Speaking section evaluates a person's ability to use spoken English, and the new integrated Writing and Speaking tasks measure the ability to combine information from more than one source and communicate about it.
• TOEFL iBT scores are reported online. You can view your score 15 business days after the test. You will also receive a copy of your score report by mail. The test scores are valid for two years, i.e., most universities accept scores up to two years old.

Paper-based Test

The TOEFL® paper-based Test (PBT) is available in limited areas. Scores are valid for two years after the test date, and test takers can have their scores sent to institutions or agencies during that time.

1.     Listening (30 – 40 minutes)
The Listening section consists of 3 parts. The first one contains 30 questions about short conversations. The second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The last part asks 12 questions about lectures or talks.
2.     Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)
The Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises of completing sentences correctly and 25 exercises of identifying errors.
  3.     Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)
The Reading Comprehension sections has 50 questions about reading passages.
  4.     Writing (30 minutes)
The TOEFL PBT administrations include a writing test called the Test of Written English (TWE). This is one essay question with 250–300 words in average

       TOEFL ITP

·         TOEFL ITP ("ITP" stands for "Institutional Testing Program") tests are paper-based and use academic content to evaluate the English-language proficiency of non-native English speakers. The tests use new and previously administered TOEFL test questions and are used for placement, progress, evaluation, exit testing and other situations. The test scores, format and content of the test matches the "TOEFL PBT", with the exception of not including the TWE (Test of Written Expression).

·         Unlike the TOEFL iBT and PBT tests, TOEFL ITP tests are administered by the institution and for internal use. It should not replace the need for the TOEFL iBT test, which is administered securely and includes Speaking and Writing components. There are two levels of TOEFL ITP: Level 1 (intermediate to advanced) and Level 2 (high beginning to intermediate).TOEFL ITP scores are mapped to the CEFR and test takers are provided with a certificate of achievement.

TOEFL Junior Tests

·         ETS also offers the TOEFL Junior tests, a general assessment of middle school-level English-language proficiency. It is intended for students aged 11+.The tests are administered in two formats: TOEFL Junior Standard (on paper) andTOEFL Junior Comprehensive (via computer). The TOEFL Junior Standard test has three sections: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension and Language Form and Meaning. The TOEFL Junior Comprehensive test has four: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Speaking and Writing. TOEFL Junior scores are mapped to the CEFR and test takers are provided with a certificate of achievement.

Sumber :

http://faozun.blogspot.co.id/2011/03/history-articles-toefl.html

http://studyenglishtoday.net/TOEFL-Internet-based-Test.html

http://hospitalinfra.com/page.php?page=TOEFL

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Definition and Examples of Letters

Definition of Letter

A letter is a written message from one party to another containing information. Letters guarantee the preservation of communication between both parties. They bring friends or relatives closer together, enrich professional relationships and provide a satisfying mean of self-expression. Letters contribute to the protection and conservation of literacy, which is the ability to write and read. Letters have been sent since antiquity and are mentioned in the Iliad  by Homer (lived around 7th or 8th centuries B.C.). Works by both Herodotus and Thucydides, also mention letters.

    1.    Application Letter

A letter of application, also known as a cover letter, is a document sent with your resume to provide additional information on your skills and experience.

The letter of application is intended to provide detailed information on why are you are qualified for the job you are applying for. Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences.

Your application letter should let the employer know what position you are applying for, why the employer should select you for an interview, and how you will follow-up.

What to Include in a Letter of Application

When writing an application letter you should include:

Subject (for an email letter)
List the job you are applying for and your name in the Subject Line of your email message, so the employer is clear as to what job you are interested in and who you are.

Greeting
Begin your letter greeting with "Dr./Mr./Ms. Last Name." If you do not know the employer's last name, simply write "Dear Hiring Manager" or leave the greeting off the letter and start with the first paragraph.

Body of Letter

• First Paragraph: Why you are writing - mention the job you are applying for and where you found the listing.
• Middle Paragraph(s): What you have to offer the employer - mention why your skills and experience are a good fit for the job.
• Last Paragraph: Say thank you to the hiring manager for considering you and note how you will follow up.

Signature
End your cover letter with your signature, handwritten, followed by your typed name.

When you submit your resume, you will typically need to write a cover letter as well. Since it is a formal letter, there are set guidelines for what information to include in your cover letter.
The following cover letter format lists the information you need to include in the cover letter you submit with your resume. Since a cover letter is a formal letter, it's important to adhere to these formatting standards.
Use the guideline below to create customized cover letters to send to employers. Then, review cover letter samples, a cover letter template, and tips for formatting hard copy and email cover letters you can use to write your own letters.

Cover Letter Format

Your Contact Information
Name
Address
City, State, Zip Code
Phone Number
Email Address
Date
Employer Contact Information (if you have it)
Name
Title
Company
Address
City, State, Zip Code

Salutation
Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name,

• Cover Letter Greeting Examples: Note: If you do not have a contact name, you can skip the salutation entirely. Or, you can use Dear Hiring Manager, To Whom It May Concern, or one of the other examples listed in the link. Ideally, you will be able to address your cover letter to a specific person. Doing research can help you figure out who is the most appropriate person to receive the letter. Note: If you do not know the gender of your contact, you can write out the person's full name, e.g., "Dear Cory Smith"or "Dear Jordan Parish."

Body of Cover Letter
The body of your cover letter lets the employer know what position you are applying for, why the employer should select you for an interview, and how you will follow-up. Organize the body of your cover letter into the following paragraphs:

• First Paragraph
  The first paragraph of your letter should include information on why you are writing. Mention the position you are applying for and where you found the job listing. Include the name of a mutual contact, if you have one.

• Middle Paragraph(s)
  The next section of your cover letter should describe what you have to offer the employer. Mention specifically how your qualifications match the job you are applying for. Think of this section of the cover letter as where you're making a pitch for your fit as an employee and show makes you a great candidate. Keep in mind that employers will be more interested in what you can do for them, than a list of your background. Make the connection between your qualifications and the job requirements clear. Use this section to interpret your resume—don't repeat from it verbatim.

• Final Paragraph
  Conclude your cover letter by thanking the employer for considering you for the position. Include information on how you will follow-up. Optionally, you can briefly restate why you would be a good fit for the position.

Example of Application Letter

February 28, 2003

Engr. Rigor Buenvinna
Samsung Products Inc.
1345 St. Bernard Drive
Pasig City

Dear Engr. Buenvinna:

In March 2003, I will be graduating from the University of the Philippines with a Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering.  I am writing to explore the possibility of employment as a Control Systems Engineer at your Pasig facility.

Early in my coursework at UP, I seriously began considering future employment with Samsung Products Inc.  We use a number of your products in our laboratory work, and their design, precision and reliability are impressive.  More recently, however, I noted in a professional computing journal that you are undertaking a new project to apply microcomputers in automatic control systems.  Many of my electives were in the fields of control systems and computers, and I have worked for two summers in microcomputers applications.  I believe that I am well qualified to begin working on your new project; I know that it is directly related to my interests.

The enclosed resume details my educational background and experience.  I will be in the Pasig area on the first week of January and I could be available for an interview, if convenient.  In the meantime, if you need any further information, you may contact me at 047.791.2991.  I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely yours,

Jayson Andaya

    2.    Inquiry Letter

           Inquiry Letter is a letter written to request information and/or ascertain its authenticity. A letter of inquiry deals with various matters like job vacancies, funding, grants, scholarships, projects, sales, pre-proposals and others. The term is common in various business setups as it implies fund request or pre-proposal information. Owing to this usage, the term may be considered exclusive to these setups alone. But that is not the case, to this effect the below definition offers a justified meaning.

·         Inquiry Letter Definition

       A document requesting information sent on behalf of an individual or an organisation for their own respective purposes, which can be mutually beneficial to the recipient and the sender.

The term ‘Inquiry’ is same as ‘Enquiry’. The former is more commonly used in U.S. and the latter one is more common in U.K. There are some other terms which represent the letters; these are Letter of Intent, Letter of Interest, Query letter, Prospecting Letter, Pre-proposal Letter and Concept Paper. The term ‘Cover Letter’, ‘Business Letter’, ‘Request Letter’ and ‘Sales Letter’ is also applied to an inquiry letter especially when the objective is same as that of letter for inquiry.

       A letter of inquiry serves to facilitate business operations and satisfaction of the sender. Inquiry letters remove any misunderstanding and are time savers, especially when two parties want to reach an understanding. The communication towards this effect resolves the issue without any delay. With relation to it being a ‘Pre-proposal letter’, the inquiry letter is also termed as a ‘Condensed Version of a Proposal’. It is the outcome of the purpose of the letter which highlights the points of a proposal instead of a full-fledged proposal.

       On an individual’s basis, these letters are sent to companies that are willing to hire but haven't advertised job openings. It can also be a letter addressed to editor in-charge of a publication proposing certain literary work. It can be a letter from a student who is vying for a seat in a college or a business that provides an internship. So, the objective of an enquiry letter is same but its projections and audiences are different. Same goes for its method of delivery, it can be sent via paper mail or electronic mail.

Your Street Address
City, State Zip Code
Telephone Number
Email Address
Month, Day, Year
Mr./Ms./Dr. FirstName LastName
Title
Name of Organization
Street or P. O. Box Address
City, State Zip Code
Dear Mr./Ms./Dr. LastName:
Opening paragraph: State what position you are inquiring about; how you learned of the organization or position, and when you will be qualified for the position.
2nd paragraph: Tell why you are interested in the position or type of work the employer does (Simply stating that you are interested does not tell why, and can sound like a form letter). Demonstrate that you know enough about the position by relating your background to the employer or position and mention specific qualifications which make you a good fit for the employer's needs. This is an opportunity to explain in more detail relevant items in your resume. Refer to the fact that your resume is enclosed. Mention other enclosures if such are required to apply for a position.
3rd paragraph: Indicate that you would like the opportunity to talk with the employer to learn more about their opportunities or hiring plans. Restate briefly why you're so passionate about the opportunity you're applying for. State that you would be glad to provide the employer with any additional information needed. Thank the employer for her/his consideration.
Sincerely,
(Your handwritten signature)
Your name typed

Example of  Inquiry Letter

15 January 2011(2)

The Sales Manager,
Melody Modes Ltd.,
Carrham, Upminster UE12.(3)

Your Ref: KPS/C3, Our Ref: Con/13/1(4)

Dear Sir,
Thank you for your letter of 12 January regarding our conference facilities for your sales convention in July this year.(5)
I have pleasure in enclosing our current conference brochure and tariff. You will note that we offer a variety of venues inside the hotel itself, for groups of between 20 and 150 people, with a choice of catering facilities and with or without accommodation. This year we are also able to arrange functions in marquees in the hotel grounds, with a more limited range of catering, but again with or without hotel accommodation.
We have two lecture rooms, with audiovisual equipment – overhead projectors and video and DVD facilities – which might be of interest to you. There are also product display facilities within the hotel.
If you require all or some of your delegates to be accommodated in the hotel, I recommend early booking, as July is one of our peak months. We offer 4-star accommodation, every room with en suite facilities, minibar, television, personal safe, trouser press. We have two restaurants, four bars, a fully equipped gymnasium, and an indoor/outdoor swimming pool.(6)
I look forward to hearing from you further, and I shall be happy to supply any additional information you might require; you will be very welcome to visit the hotel to see for yourself the facilities we offer.(7)

Yours faithfully,

Hector Manning
General Manager(8)

   3.  Complaint Letter

A letter of complaint, or complaint letter, is normally written to deal with a problem situation when other attempts (i.e. phone contacts, e-mails, etc.) have failed to rectify the situation.

The complaint letter formalizes a problem situation by putting it into writing and is usually the last resort to try to get a situation resolved.

Properly written complaint letters can be very powerful and almost always get results, making them worth writing. To read an article on the subject of writing effective complaint letters.

Example of  Complaint Letter

Flat 303 Lucky Mansions
856 Cheung Sha Wan Road
Cheung Sha Wan
Kowloon

4 January 2011

The Administrative Officer
Exhibition Services
Exhibitions International
33 Kadoorie Avenue
Kowloon

Dear Sir/Madam

I attended your exhibition Sound Systems 2010 at the Fortune Hotel from 24 - 28 December and found it informative and interesting. Unfortunately, my enjoyment of the event was spoiled by a number of organisational problems. I explain each of the problems below.

Firstly, I had difficulty in registering to attend the event. You set up an on-line registration facility, but I found the facility totally unworkable. Even after spending several wasted hours trying to register in this way, the computer would not accept my application. I eventually succeeded in registering by faxing you.

Secondly, the exhibition was held at one of Hong Kong's most prestigious hotels, but frankly the venue was better suited to a medium-sized business conference than to a large exhibition open by registration to the public. The lack of space led to serious overcrowding in the venue, particularly at peak visiting times (i.e. lunch times and early evening). On one or two occasions I was also seriously concerned about the physical safety of attendees.

The final point I want to make concerns product information. It is very enjoyable to see and test a range of excellent sound systems, but it is also important to be able to take away leaflets on interesting products, so that more research can be done before deciding which system to buy. However, by the time I attended the exhibition all the leaflets had been taken.

Could I please ask you to look into these matters - not only on my behalf but also on behalf of other attendees, and in fact on behalf of your company, too.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully

Michael Leung

Michael Leung

4.Purchase Order Letter

      a letter of order is a document that confirms the details of a purchase of goods or services from one party to another. It usually includes more information about what you are ordering, like quantity, model number, or color, the payment terms, and the matter in which the products are to be shipped. When the recipient receives this letter, they will process the order and send the merchandise.

• Order Letter Definition

       An “Order” is an expense for the person placing the order and an income for the one getting it. But this is not all. The company that bags the order has to fulfill lot of commitments to ensure that it has a satisfied customer, which can be an individual or another company. Timely delivery of the order, quality of delivery and after sale service – are all part and parcel of getting an order.

      An Order Letter is the one that is written by the person/company placing the request of purchase from another company. This letter comes into action only when a detailed study of the desired product has been done in the market and based on promised service, quality and price of the product, a decision for a purchase has been made.

     An Order Letter should be drafted very carefully as it needs to pen down all the terms and conditions of the purchase for the benefit of both involved parties. It should have details such as product specifications, quantities, price agreed upon, delivery date, late delivery clauses, etc. It should be addressed to the person responsible for the execution of the order with a copy to the head of department. Since it is totally an official letter it should be typed.

A Purchase order letter is written by the company that wishes to place an order of products or services to the receiving company. The letter states the types of goods required with sufficient details for the supplying company to fulfill the order. Terms and conditions may also be included in such a letter.

Example of  Purchase Order Letter

From:
Robert S. Bunch
Purchasing Manager
Rodeo Enterprise
1941 Jail Drive
Cambridge, IL 61238
October 11, 2010
To:
Fred B. Guild
Store Manager
Fuller Productions Industry
680 Bee Street
Traverse City, MI 49686
Dear Mr. Guild
RE: Purchase Order for Products
On behalf of Rodeo Enterprise, I would like to place an order for the following products from your company. Please refer to the attachment for the order list.
The terms and conditions will be the same as per our previous orders; that is, cash on delivery. Please note the extra condition with this batch of order; that is, the products on the order list must be delivered within a month from the date of this order letter.
We are in an urgent rush for our annual year end production and we need these products within a month to meet our production target. If you miss our specified delivery target, there will be a penalty incurred on your pricing, as per our business collaboration contract which is effective until the end of 2013.
Thank you for your kind understanding and prompt service. Please feel free to contact me for further clarifications on this purchase order.
Yours Sincerely,
Robert S. Bunch
Purchasing Manager

 Sumber

http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2012/01/contoh-surat-lamaran-kerja-bahasa.html
http://jobsearch.about.com/od/jobsearchglossary/g/letterofapplication.htm
http://www.bothell.washington.edu/careers/job-search-tools/coverletters/sample-inquiry
http://habibie16.blogspot.co.id/2013/10/inquiry-letter-order-letter-definition.html
http://dya08webmaster.blog.com/2012/12/05/example-of-inquiry-letter/
http://yanizzeccson.blogspot.co.id/2011/01/complaint-letter.html

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